*** Draft Ver. 1.0 (Last revised 02 AUG 2005) ***
[Provide document in two formats: 1. Outline; 2. Outline plus complete
definitions (which could evolve to become an official SOINC Coach's
Guide).]

SCIENCE OLYMPIAD (Division A, B, & C)
IT'S ABOUT TIME: SUNDIALS

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

KEY

- Level of Competition (unless specificied, objectives apply to all three
divisions)
[A] Division A
[B] Division B
[C] Division C

- Content Areas (in alphabetical order)
[a] Astronomy (Earth & Space Systems)
[g] Geography
[m] Mathematics
[ps] Math & Science Process Skills
[s] Sundials & sundialing
[t] Time & time-keeping
[e] Engineering [TBA]

> CONCEPTS - Things to know & understand...

Astronomy (Earth & Space Systems)
---------------------------------

[a] Celestial Equator
[a] Celestial Poles, North & South
[a] Celestial Meridian
[a] horizon
[a] zenith
[a] azimuth & altitude
[a,g] axis (of Earth's rotation)
[a] rotation
[a] revolution (orbit)
[a] apparent daily- & annual motion, Sun
[a,t] clockwise & counterclockwise
[a] rate of Earth's rotation
[a] rise & set, Sun
[a] transit, Sun
[a] analemma
[a] Equation of Time (EoT)
[a] declination, Sun (DEC)
[a] subsolar point
[a] seasons, change of
[a] equinoxes & solstices

Geography
---------

[g] poles, North & South
[g] latitude & longitude; parallels & meridians
[g] Equator
[g] Tropics of Cancer & Capricorn
[g] Prime Meridian & International Date Line
[g] Northern & Southern Hemispheres
[g,a] Cardinal Points (of the compass)

Mathematics
-----------

[m] parallel & perpendicular
[m] plane (as in a 2-dimensional flat surface, e.g., the plane of the 
Earth's Equator)
[m] coordinate system (Cartesian plane) and graphing
[m] compass (for either direction-finding & navigation, or a tool for 
drawing circles)
[m] parts of a circle: center (origin); diameter; radius; arc; semicircle;  
circumference; tangent
[m] pi
[m] protractor
[m] vertex, rays, angles
[m] complementary angles
[g,m] colatitude
[B,C,m] The sum of the three interior angles of a triangle is equal to 180
degrees. For right triangles, the two non-90-degree angles are
complementary.
[C,m] sides of a right triangle: opposite (opp); adjacent (adj); 
hypoteneuse (hyp)
[C,m] trig functions: sine (sin); cosine (cos); tangent (tan)
[C,m] Chief SOH-CAH-TOA (mnemonic): sin = opp/adj; cos = adj/hyp; tan = 
opp/adj
[C,m] ellipse, equation for an

Sundials & Sundialing
---------------------

[s] types of sundials: equatorial (or equinoctial); horizontal/vertical;  
polar; and analemmatic
[s] gnomon/style/nodus/aperture
[s] dial plate/dial face
[s] hour lines
[s] substyle line (or noon line)
[s] noon gap
[s] "furniture," e.g., declination (DEC) line(s)
[s,a] On the day of the equinoxes, the declination of the Sun equals zero
degrees (0°) and the Sun's apparent path across the sky follows the
Celestial Equator: the Sun's rays are parallel to the dial plate of
equatorial sundials; perpendicular to the style of horizontal sundials
(striking the dial plate at an angle equal to the colatitude).
[s] dialing scales


Time & Time-Keeping
-------------------

[g,t] solar time versus standard time: Local Apparent Time (L.A.T.),
a.k.a., "solar time"; Standard Time (ST, e.g., EST, CST, etc.); Universal
Time (UTC)
[g,t] Standard Time Meridians (contiguous U.S.): 75W; 90W; 105W; 120W
[t] time zones (contiguous U.S.): Eastern (E); Central (C); Mountain (M);  
Pacific (P)
[a,t] Daylight Saving Time (DT, e.g., EDT, CDT, etc.)


> SKILLS - Things to be able to do...

Be able to...

[m,ps] ...use a drawing compass to construct circles.
[m,ps] ...use a protractor to measure and construct (draw) angles.
[m,ps] ...construct, analyze, and interpret charts & graphs (line).
[s] ...correctly read the scale of hours on a few common types of
sundials, e.g., equatorial (or equinoctial), horizontal/vertical, polar,
and analemmatic sundials.
[a,g] ...trace a true geographic north-south line of longitude.
[a,t] ...determine the time of Sun transit (as precisely as is practical).
[s,ps] ...construct equatorial (or equinoctial), horizontal/vertical,
polar, and analemmatic sundials using a variety of construction methods
(as appropriate, by level of competition), including spreadsheets, hour
line calculators (online), dialing scales, the graphic/geometric method of
sundial construction, or advanced mathematical calculations (trig).
[s,ps] ...use a set of dialing scales (e.g., Serle's ruler) to construct a
horizontal/vertical sundial &/or "deconstruct" (or measure) an existing
horizontal/vertical sundial.
[s,ps] ...properly orient a variety of sundials.

> APPENDICES

A. National Science Education Standards
http://bob.nap.edu/html/nses/
- Content Standards: 5-8 http://bob.nap.edu/html/nses/6d.html
   - Earth and Space Science http://bob.nap.edu/html/nses/6d.html#es
- Content Standards: 9-12 http://bob.nap.edu/html/nses/6e.html
   - Earth and Space Science http://bob.nap.edu/nses/6e.html#es

B. The Eighteen National Geography Standards
http://www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/
- THE WORLD IN SPATIAL TERMS: Standard 1-3
http://www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/ee1/

C. NCTM Standards (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics)
http://standards.nctm.org/
- Overview: Standards for Grades 6-8
http://standards.nctm.org/document/chapter6/index.htm
   - Geometry Standard for Grades 6-8
     http://standards.nctm.org/document/chapter6/geom.htm
- Overview: Standards for Grades 9-12
http://standards.nctm.org/document/chapter7/index.htm
   - Geometry Standard for Grades 9-12
     http://standards.nctm.org/document/chapter7/geom.htm